ke/sb/nl/rg.
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzi Balkrilmn / F / 10 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzmpat.
Examination : Intracranial and Neck M.R.A.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O headaches since 1 year.

EXAMINATION :

The brain was screened with 5 mm thick T2 Weighted axial images.

Intracranial and neck MRA were performed with 3D TOF and 2D TOF sequences, respectively.

OBSERVATION :

There is no focal area of altered signal intensity within the brain parenchyma.

Both the lateral, third and the fourth ventricles are normal. The basal cisternal spaces are unremarkable. There is no shift of the midline structures.

INTRACRANIAL MRA :

The petrous, cavernous and supraclinoid segments of the internal carotid arteries bilaterally show normal signal and calibre. The visualized anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, basilar, vertebral and posterior cerebral arteries also show normal signal, calibre and wall margins. No obvious aneurysm or vascular malformation is identified.

NECK MRA :

The common carotid arteries and their extracranial branches appear normal bilaterally. There are no vessel wall irregularities or stenosis of the vessels noted.

IMPRESSION :

No significant abnormality is detected on the intracranial and neck MRA on this study.

ke/sb/nl/rg.
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzh Banlmn / M / 27 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzodak.
Examination : M.R.I. of Both Hips.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O pain in the RLE since 3-4 months with fever.
H/O fall from a scooter in January 0000.
H/O AKT for pulmonary kochs since October 0000.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of both hips was performed using the following parameters :

6 mm thick T1 Weighted and STIR coronal images.

7 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted (with fat saturation) axial images.

OBSERVATION :

There is partial collapse of the right femoral head. There is replacement of the normal marrow of the right femoral head, neck and the upper shaft as well as the greater and lesser trochanter by hypointense areas on the T1 Weighted images. These are seen to turn heterogeneously hyperintense on the T2 Weighted and STIR images. The right hip joint space is involved with involvement of the acetabular roof. The pathologic process is seen to involve the pectineus, obturator externus and the adductor group of muscles on the right side which shows hyperintense signal on the T2 Weighted and STIR images. The gluteus maximus muscle also shows subtle hyperintense signal on the T2 Weighted images suggestive of its involvement. Effusion is noted within the right hip joint space.






There is atrophy of the muscles surrounding the right hip joint.

Enlarged inguinal lymph nodes are noted bilaterally.

The left hip joint is unremarkable.

IMPRESSION :

In a known C/O pulmonary kochs, the MRI features are suggestive of an infective pathology involving the head, neck, upper shaft of the right femur, the right acetabulum and muscles around the right hip joint as described.

ke/sb/nl/rg.
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzatlmn / M / 23 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzchale.
Examination : M.R.I. of the Brain.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

H/O fever with vomiting and single episode of convulsion 1 month back.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of the brain was performed using the following parameters :

5 mm thick T1 Weighted, proton and T2 Weighted axial images.
5 mm thick FLAIR coronal images.
3 mm thick T2 Weighted coronal images.
5 mm thick T1 Weighted sagittal images.

OBSERVATION :

There is no focal area of altered signal intensity in the brain parenchyma.

The hippocampal complex is unremarkable on either side.

Asymmetric fullness of the right lateral ventricle can be a normal variant.

The left lateral, third and the fourth ventricles are normal. The basal cisternal spaces are unremarkable. There is no shift of the midline structures. No obvious vascular anomaly is identified on this study.

Incidental note is made of left maxillary sinusitis and inflammatory changes in the ethmoidal air cells and frontal sinuses.

IMPRESSION :

No significant abnormality is detected within the brain on this study.

ke/bv/nl/rg.
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzama Ylmn / F / 47 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzah.
Examination : M.R.I. of the Cervical Spine.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O neckpain radiating to BUE and BLE with heaviness since 3 months.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of the cervical spine was performed using the following parameters :

4 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted sagittal images.

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and Fast Scan (T2 *) axial images.

OBSERVATION :

There is loss of normal cervical curvature.

The cervical intervertebral discs show loss of water content.

There is a large left postero-lateral disc herniation at the C5-C6 level with peridiscal osteophyte with antero-lateral compression of the spinal cord and the left C6 nerve root. The spinal cord at this level shows a hyperintense signal on the T2 Weighted and Fast Scan (T2 *) images and is isointense to cord on the T1 Weighted images suggestive of cord edema/ischemia/contusion. A small disc portion is seen to migrate superiorly indenting the left C6 nerve root.

A left postero-lateral disc herniation with peridiscal osteophytes is noted at the C6-C7 level with antero-lateral indentation of cord and left neural foraminal narrowing.

Small postero-central disc herniations are noted at the C2-C3, C3-C4 and C4-C5 levels.
..2/.







The cervical vertebral bodies show normal signal intensity. The joints of Luschka and the visualized pre and paravertebral soft tissues are unremarkable.

The atlanto-axial region and the cervico-medullary junction are unremarkable.

Small subcentimeter lymphnodes are seen deep to the sternomastoid muscle bilaterally.

IMPRESSION :

1. A large left postero-lateral disc herniation at the C5-C6 level with peridiscal osteophyte causing cord compression and cord signal alteration at this level suggestive of cord edema/ischemia/contusion.

2. A left postero-lateral disc herniation with peridiscal osteophytes at the C6-C7 level.

hs/ke/nl/rg.
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyz Klmn / M / 49 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc XyzV. Shah.
Examination : M.R.I. of the Lumbo-sacral Spine.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O backache with radiation of pain to the RLE.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of the lumbo-sacral spine was performed using the following parameters :

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted sagittal images.

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted axial images.

OBSERVATION :

There is loss of normal lumbar lordosis. The L3-L4, L4-L5 and L5-S1 intervertebral discs show mild loss of water content.

There is mild forward translation of the L4 over the L5 vertebra.

A large postero-central disc extrusion is seen to compress upon the thecal sac at the L4-L5 level. Also seen is slight inferior migration of this disc portion.

A right paracentral disc herniation is seen to indent the ventral aspect of the thecal sac at the L3-L4 level.

There is a small left postero-lateral (foraminal) disc herniation at the L5-S1 level. A posterior disc bulge is noted at the L2-L3 level. Bilateral far lateral (extraforaminal) disc bulges are seen at the L3-L4 and L4-L5 levels.


The L3-L4 and L4-L5 facet joints show degenerative changes.

The lumbar vertebral bodies and the remaining intervertebral discs reveal normal signal intensity. The rest of the facet joints and the visualized pre and paravertebral soft tissues are unremarkable.

The conus medullaris terminates at the L1 level and the thecal sac terminates at the S2 level.

The antero-posterior dimensions of the lumbar canal at the level of the intervertebral discs are as follows :

16.0 mm at L1-L2
14.0 mm at L2-L3
11.0 mm at L3-L4
8.0 mm at L4-L5
12.0 mm at L5-S1.

IMPRESSION :

The MRI features are suggestive of :

1. A large postero-central disc extrusion with canal stenosis at the L4-L5 level.

2. A right paracentral disc herniation at the L3-L4 level.

ke/sb/nl/rg.
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzlmn / M / 60 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzrekh.
Examination : M.R.I. of the Lumbo-sacral Spine.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O backache radiating to BLE since 1 year which has increased since 1 month.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of the lumbo-sacral spine was performed using the following parameters :

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted sagittal images.

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted axial images.

OBSERVATION :

There is a left paracentral disc herniation at the L5-S1 level with mild indentation upon the traversing left S1 nerve root. A small disc fragment is seen to migrate superiorly.

A posterior disc herniation with peridiscal osteophyte is noted at the L4-L5 level with anterior indentation of the thecal sac and bilateral neural foraminal narrowing, right more than left. The L4-L5 facet joints show degenerative changes.

A postero-central disc herniation with peridiscal osteophytes is seen at the L3-L4 level with anterior indentation of the thecal sac. Bilateral far lateral disc bulges are also noted at this level. The L3-L4 facet joints show degenerative changes. The lumbar intervertebral discs show loss of water content.

Mild ligamentum flvum hypertrophy is noted at the L5 level.


The lumbar vertebral bodies reveal normal signal intensity. Transepiphyseal disc herniation is noted along the antero-superior margin of the L3 vertebral body. The remaining facet joints and the visualized pre and paravertebral soft tissues are unremarkable.

The conus medullaris terminates at the D12 level and the thecal sac terminates at the S1 level.

The antero-posterior dimensions of the lumbar canal at the level of the intervertebral discs are as follows :

14.0 mm at L1-L2
14.0 mm at L2-L3
13.0 mm at L3-L4
10.0 mm at L4-L5
7.0 mm at L5-S1.

IMPRESSION :

1. A left paracentral disc herniation at the L5-S1 level with mild indentation upon the traversing left S1 nerve root with superior migration of a disc fragment.

2. A posterior disc herniation with peridiscal osteophyte at the L4-L5 level with bilateral neural foraminal narrowing, right more than left and facetal arthropathy at this level.

3. A postero-central disc herniation with peridiscal osteophyte at the L3-L4 level.

ke/sb/nl/nl
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzsh Chourlmn / M / 10 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzhiri.
Examination : M.R.I. of the Brain.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O seizures since 2 months.
C/O gait ataxia since 00.00.00.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of the brain was performed using the following parameters :

5 mm thick T1 Weighted, proton and T2 Weighted axial images.

3 mm thick T2 Weighted coronal images.

3 mm 3D SPGR coronal images.

5 mm thick T1 Weighted sagittal images.

OBSERVATION :

There are broad flat gyri in the high frontal regions bilaterally. The cortex appears slightly thickened, however it shows normal signal intensity in that region.

The hippocampus is unremarkable on either side.

Both the lateral, third and the fourth ventricles are normal. The basal cisternal spaces are unremarkable. There is no shift of the midline structures. No obvious vascular anomaly is identified on this study.

IMPRESSION :

The MRI features suggest cortical dysplasia in the high frontal regions bilaterally.

sb/ke/nl/nl
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzn lmn / F / 8 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzhiri.
Examination : M.R.I. of the Abdomen.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O CRF in April 0000.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of the abdomen was performed using the following parameters:

8 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted axial images.

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and STIR coronal images.

OBSERVATION :

There is situs inverses with the heart placed right of the midline in the thorax, the liver and the inferior vena cava seen to the left of the midline and the spleen, aorta and the fundus of the stomach seen to the right of the midline.

Both the kidneys show multiple, small, cortical and parenchymal renal cysts. Both kidneys however appear normal in size.

The liver is normal in size and signal characteristics. There is no focal or diffuse area of altered signal intensity. There is no intrahepatic biliary radicle dilation. The intrahepatic venous architexture is normal.

The gall bladder is normal and reveals no intrinsic abnormality.

The pancreas is normal in bulk and signal intensity.






The spleen and both adrenals are normal in bulk and signal intensity.

No lymphadenopathy is detected. There is no evidence of free fluid within the abdomen.

IMPRESSION :

1. Situs inverses.

2. Multiple cortical and parenchymal renal cysts. Polycystic kidneys is a likely possibility.

sb/ke/nl/nl
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xyzc Dslmn / M / 68 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyzndhi.
Examination : Intracranial and Neck M.R.A.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

H/O fever with giddiness and blackouts since 3-4 days.
Known hypertensive.

EXAMINATION :

The brain was screened with 5 mm thick T2 Weighted axial images.

Intracranial and neck MRA were performed with 3D TOF and 2D TOF sequences, respectively.

OBSERVATION :

There are ill-defined, hypointense areas on the T1 Weighted images in the cortex and subcortical white matter in the right high frontal region. This lesion appears hyperintense on the T2 Weighted images and represents an area of cystic encephalomalacia, most likely a sequelae of previous vascular insult. Resultant focal dilatation of the body of the right lateral ventricle is noted.

There is mild dilatation of both the lateral and third ventricles. The fourth ventricle is normal. There is prominence of the cerebral cortical sulci bilaterally. The basal cisternal spaces are unremarkable. There is no shift of the midline structures.










INTRACRANIAL MRA :

There is irregularity and narrowing of the distal segments of the vertebral arteries bilaterally and the proximal segment of the basilar artery. The left posterior cerebral artery is slightly attenuated.

The petrous, cavernous and supraclinoid segments of the internal carotid arteries bilaterally show normal signal and calibre. The visualized anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and right posterior cerebral arteries also show normal signal, calibre and wall margins. No obvious aneurysm or vascular malformation is identified.

NECK MRA :

There is seen slight irregularity of the terminal left common carotid artery along its anterior wall which may suggest an atherosclerotic plaque in that region. Resultant mild stenosis of the terminal left common carotid artery is noted. The right common carotid artery and its bifurcation and the vertebral arteries are unremarkable.

IMPRESSION :

1. Area of cystic encephalomalacia, most likely a sequelae of previous vascular insult, in the cortex and subcortical white matter in the right high frontal region.

2. Irregularity and narrowing of the distal segments of the vertebral arteries bilaterally and the proximal segment of the basilar artery may suggest atherosclerotic changes.

3. An atherosclerotic plaque along anterior wall of the terminal left common carotid artery with slight irregularity and stenosis of the same.

hs/sb/rg/nl
Date : 00.00.00

Name of the Patient : Abc Xlmn / M / 30 yrs.
Referred by : Dr. Abc Xyznawane.
Examination : M.R.I. of the Lumbo-sacral Spine.

CLINICAL PROFILE :

C/O backache with pain radiating to the LLE with numbness since 1 month.

EXAMINATION :

M.R.I of the lumbo-sacral spine was performed using the following parameters :

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted sagittal images.

5 mm thick T1 Weighted and T2 Weighted axial images.

FEW IMAGES SHOW PATIENT MOTION.

OBSERVATION :

There is a large postero-central disc extrusion compressing the thecal sac at the L4-L5 level.

A small posterior disc bulge is noted at the L5-S1 level.

The L4-L5 and L5-S1 facet joints show degenerative changes.

The L4-L5 intervertebral disc shows loss of water content.

A small cystic lesion is noted in the left renal cortex.

The lumbar vertebral bodies and the remaining intervertebral discs reveal normal signal intensity. The rest of the facet joints and the visualized pre and paravertebral soft tissues are unremarkable.

The conus medullaris terminates at the L1 level and the thecal sac terminates at the S2 level.
..2/.





R>

The antero-posterior dimensions of the lumbar canal at the level of the intervertebral discs are as follows :

17.0 mm at L1-L2
18.0 mm at L2-L3
16.0 mm at L3-L4
9.0 mm at L4-L5
9.0 mm at L5-S1.

IMPRESSION :

The MRI features are suggestive of :

1. A large postero-central disc extrusion at the L4-L5 level with canal stenosis.

2. Facetal degeneration at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 levels.